Electrical Power Supply

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ARMY TM 5-811-1
AIR FORCE AFJMAN 32-1080
ELECTRICAL POWER SUPPLY
AND DISTRIBUTION
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED
DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY, AND THE AIR FORCE
FEBRUARY 1995
 REPRODUCTION AUTHORIZATION/RESTRICTIONS
This manual has been prepared by or for the Government and,
except to the extent indicated below, is public property and not
subject to copyright.
Copyrighted material included in the manual has been used with the
knowledge and permission of the proprietors and is acknowledged as
such at point of use. Anyone wishing to make further use of any
copyrighted material, by itself and apart from this text, should seek
necessary permission directly from the proprietors.
Reprint or republication of this manual should include a credit
substantially as follows: “Joint Departments of the Army and Air
Force, TM 5-811-1/AFJMAN 32-1080, Electrical Power Supply and
Distribution, 28 February 1995.
If the reprint or republication includes copyrighted material, the
credit should also state: “Anyone wishing to make further use of
copyrighted material, by itself and apart from this text, should seek
necessary permission directly from the proprietor.”
TM 5-811-1/AFJMAN 32-1080
T
ECHNICAL
M
ANUAL
HEADQUARTERS
N
O
.
5-811-1
DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY
A
IR
F
ORCE
J
OINT MANUAL
A
AND
THE
AIR
FORCE
N
O
.
32-1080
W
ASHINGTON
, DC,
28 February 1995
ELECTRICAL POWER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION
Paragraph
Page
C
HAPTER
1.
GENERAL
Purpose
......................................................................
1-1
1-1
Scope ........................................................................
1-2
1-1
References ....................................................................
1-3
1-1
Standards and Codes ............................................................
1-4
1-1
Power Supply Design Criteria .....................................................
1-5
1-1
Electrical Power Sytems .........................................................
1-6
1-1
Design Procedures ..............................................................
1-7
1-2
Evaluation and Selection of Energy Systems
.........................................
1-8
1-2
Design Analysis ................................................................
1-9
1-4
Service Conditions ..............................................................
1-10
1-5
Explanation of Abbreviations and Terms ............................................
1-11
1-6
C
HAPTER
2.
ELECTRICAL POWER REQUIREMENTS
General .......................................................................
2-1
2-1
Load Estimation ................................................................
2-2
2-1
C
HAPTER
3.
VOLTAGE SELECTION
General .......................................................................
3-1
3-1
System Voltage Classifications ....................................................
3-2
3-1
Selection of Primary Distribution Voltage for New Installations ..........................
3-3
3-1
Selection of Primary Distribution Voltage for Existing Installations .......................
3-4
3-2
Commercial Power for Air Force Installations ........................................
3-5
3-3
Selection of Primary Distribution Voltage for Air Force Installations ......................
3-6
3-3
C
HAPTER
4.
MAIN ELECTRIC SUPPLY STATIONS/SUBSTATIONS
Provisions
....................................................................
4-1
4-1
Ownership ....................................................................
4-2
4-2
Station Designation and Elements ..................................................
4-3
4-2
Main Electric Supply Station/Substation
............................................
4-4
4-2
Environmental Aspects ..........................................................
4-5
4-3
Incoming Line Switching Equipment ...............................................
4-6
4-4
Substation Equipment ...........................................................
4-7
4-6
Miscellaneous Station Design Criteria ..............................................
4-8
4-9
Substation Equipment at Air Force Installations .......................................
4-9
4-13
C
HAPTER
5.
ELECTRIC DISTRIBUTION LINES
Selection ......................................................................
5-1
5-1
Types of Underground Lines ......................................................
5-2
5-1
Types of Aerial Lines ............................................................
5-3
5-1
Voltage Drop ..................................................................
5-4
5-2
Power Factor Correction .........................................................
5-5
5-2
Medium-Voltage Circuits ........................................................
5-6
5-3
Pad-Mounted Line Sectionalizing Equipment .........................................
5-7
5-7
Joint Electrical/Communication Lines for Air Force Installation ..........................
5-8
5-7
C
HAPTER
6.
AERIAL DISTRIBUTION LINES
General .......................................................................
6-1
6-1
Installation Considerations
.......................................................
6-2
6-1
Conductors ....................................................................
6-3
6-1
Poles .........................................................................
6-4
6-6
Circuit Configurations ...........................................................
6-5
6-7
Insulators .....................................................................
6-6
6-7
Guying .......................................................................
6-7
6-12
Miscellaneous Items
............................................................
6-8
6-16
Air Force Installations ...........................................................
6-9
6-20
C
HAPTER
7.
UNDERGROUND DISTRIBUTION LINES
General .......................................................................
7-1
7-1
Cable
........................................................................
7-2
7-1
Duct Lines ....................................................................
7-3
7-6
_______________
*This manual supersedes TM 5-811-1/AFM 88-9, Chapter 1, dated 12 September 1984
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED
i
TM 5-811-1/AFJMAN 32-1080
Paragraph
Page
Manholes, Handholes, and Pullboxes ...............................................
7-4
7-7
Direct-Burial Cable Installations ...................................................
7-5
7-10
C
HAPTER
8.
TRANSFORMER INSTALLATIONS
Definitions ....................................................................
8-1
8-1
Installation of Distribution-to-Utilization Voltage Transformers ..........................
8-2
8-1
Installation of Transmission-to-Distribution Voltage Transformers
.......................
8-3
8-4
Transformer Dielectrics ..........................................................
8-4
8-7
Transformer Characteristics
......................................................
8-5
8-8
Amorphous Metal-Core Transformers ..............................................
8-6
8-12
Transformers at Air Force Installations ..............................................
8-7
8-12
C
HAPTER
9.
SURGE PROTECTION AND GROUNDING
Voltage Surges and Potential Gradients .............................................
9-1
9-1
Methods of Controlling Voltage Surges and Potential Gradients ..........................
9-2
9-1
Ground Electrodes ..............................................................
9-3
9-5
Grounding Details and Requirements ...............................................
9-4
9-6
C
HAPTER
10.
ROADWAY AND AREA LIGHTING
General .......................................................................
10-1
10-1
Roadway Lighting Design ........................................................
10-2
10-1
Area Lighting Design ............................................................
10-3
10-4
Walkway and Bikeway Lighting Design .............................................
10-4
10-5
Light Sources ..................................................................
10-5
10-5
Lighting Control and Wiring System ................................................
10-6
10-6
C
HAPTER
11.
SECURITY LIGHTING
General .......................................................................
11-1
11-1
Authorization ..................................................................
11-2
11-1
Use of Security Lighting Systems ..................................................
11-3
11-1
Types of Areas to be Lighted ......................................................
11-4
11-1
Lighting Guidelines .............................................................
11-5
11-2
Light Sources ..................................................................
11-6
11-4
Electrical Power Sources .........................................................
11-7
11-4
Luminaries ....................................................................
11-8
11-5
Wiring and Control
.............................................................
11-9
11-5
Field Measurement
.............................................................
11-10
11-6
A
PPENDIX
A.
REFERENCES
A-1
B.
SIZING OF DISTRIBUTION TYPE TRANSFORMERS FOR FAMILY HOUSING UNITS
B-1
G
LOSSARY
List of Figures
Page
Figure
1-1.
Primary Distribution Arrangements Commonly Used.
1-3
2-1.
Illustration of Diversity Factor Application.
2-2
2-2.
Monthly Electric Cost Computation.
2-3
4-1.
Converting Utility Company Short-Circuit MVA to Current.
4-4
4-2.
Example of Sizing Substation Transformer Capacity.
4-7
4-3.
Single-Line of Primary Unit Substation with Two Transformers.
4-8
4-4.
Circuit Breaker Interrupting Rating Approximation.
4-9
4-5.
Primary Unit Substation, 46 kV Minimum.
4-14
4-6.
Main Electric Supply Switching Station, 35 kV Maximum.
4-15
5-1.
Normal Allocation of Voltage Drop.
5-3
5-2.
An Example of Voltage Drop Calculation.
5-4
5-3.
Average Energy Savings Example.
5-5
6-1.
An Example of an Aerial Conductor Strength Analysis.
6-5
6-2.
Tangent Construction Configurations.
6-8
6-3.
Armless Configurations.
6-9
6-4.
Crossarm Configurations.
6-10
6-5.
Neutral-Supported Secondary Cable Configurations.
6-11
6-6.
Ranges of Insulator Dimensions.
6-13
6-7.
Expanding Anchor Details.
6-15
6-8.
Types of Guy Installations.
6-16
6-9.
Guy Details.
6-17
6-10.
An Example of an In-Line Guy Strength Analysis.
6-18
6-11.
An Example of a Pole Strength Analysis.
6-19
7-1.
Fireproofing of Insulated Cables.
7-5
7-2.
Concrete Encased Duct Details.
7-8
ii
TM 5-811-1/AFJMAN 32-1080
Page
7-3.
Duct Line Drainage.
7-9
7-4.
Factors Influencing Manhole Design.
7-10
7-5.
A Scale Example of a Cable Installed in Manhole.
7-11
7-6.
Typical Double Manhole.
7-12
7-7.
Manhole Appurtenances.
7-13
7-8.
Electric or Communication Handhole.
7-14
7-9.
Pullbox Installation.
7-15
7-10.
Underground System Marker.
7-16
8-1.
Cluster-Mounted Transformer Bank Installation.
8-2
8-2.
Crossarm-Mounted Transformer Bank Installation.
8-3
8-3.
Pad-Mounted Compartmental Tranformer Installation.
8-5
8-4.
Secondary Unit Substation Installation.
8-6
8-5.
Secondary Unit Substation Transformer Installation.
8-7
9-1.
Zones of Protection for Masts and Shield Wires.
9-4
9-2.
Grounding of a Main Electric Supply Substation.
9-7
9-3.
Grounding of Secondary Unit Substation Installation.
9-8
9-4.
Provision of Surge Arresters at a Medium-Voltage Riser Pole.
9-9
10-1.
Typical Roadway Lighting Installation.
10-2
10-2.
Lateral Lighting Distributions.
10-3
10-3.
Intersection Lighting Placement.
10-4
10-4.
Key to Standard HID Lamp Designations.
10-6
11-1.
Application of Required Lighting Intensities.
11-3
List of Tables
Page
Table
1-1.
Service Conditions.
1-6
2-1.
Typical Demands and Usages.
2-1
2-2.
Diversity Factors.
2-2
3-1.
System Use and Voltage Range Relationship to Equipment Rating.
3-1
3-2.
Nominal System Voltages.
3-2
4-1.
Minimum Relaying for Transformers.
4-9
4-2.
Minimum Metering for Metal-Clad Switchgear.
4-10
4-3.
Minimum Relaying for Metal-Clad Switchgear.
4-10
4-4.
Current Transformer (CT) Accuracy Class Ratings for Outdoor Circuit Breakers.
4-12
4-5.
Primary Insulator Ratings by Class.
4-15
5-1.
Three-Phase Medium-Voltage Circuit Loading Check Values.
5-6
6-1.
Conductors Materials-Physical Properties.
6-2
6-2.
Initial Stringing Sags for 200-Foot Spans.
6-3
6-3.
Final Loaded Tensions for 200-Foot Spans.
6-4
6-4.
Minimum Primary Wood Pole Lengths and Classes.
6-6
6-5.
Minimum Pole-Setting Depth.
6-6
6-6.
Relation of Crossarm Configuration to Conductor Size.
6-7
6-7.
Anchors Suitable for Various Soils.
6-14
7-1.
Rated Conductor Temperatures.
7-3
7-2.
Comparison of DC Test Voltages (kV).
7-6
8-1.
Transformer Standard Base kVA Ratings.
8-8
8-2.
Daily Allowable Peak Loads for Normal Life Expectancy.
8-9
8-3.
Loading on the Basis of Ambient Temperatures.
8-9
8-4.
Basic Impulse Insulation Levels.
8-10
8-5.
Standard Secondary Unit Substation Percent Impedances.
8-11
9-1.
Aerial-Mounted Liquid-Filled Transformer Surge Protective Margins.
9-2
9-2.
Resistance of One 5/8-Inch by 10-Foot Ground Red in Various Soils.
9-6
10-1.
Illumination Versus Spacing.
10-1
10-2.
Sports Lighting.
10-4
10-3.
Characteristics of Light Sources.
10-5
11-1.
Security Lighting Requirements.
11-2
11-2.
Floodlight Beam Descriptions.
11-5
11-3.
Floodlight Class Descriptions.
11-?
B-1.
Demand Factors.
B-1
iii
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